Vitalik Buterin believes that truly bug-free code could become feasible by the 2030s, at least for developers who prioritize security. This statement was made following the controversial hard fork of Gnosis Chain in December 2024 aimed at recovering $9.4 million lost in the Balancer attack.
In response to criticisms regarding blockchain immutability and smart contract construction, Buterin emphasized that “formal verification” does not mean “proof of bug-free code.” He suggests that completely bug-free code may be impossible, as errors stem from the gap between human intent and how code is executed—while intent is often complex and difficult to grasp.
Nevertheless, Buterin believes that significant error reduction can be achieved by applying multiple layers of protection such as strong type systems, selective formal verification, fallback mechanisms, and rigorous testing. For security-focused developers, a “nearly bug-free” future is entirely within reach.
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