Co-founder of Ethereum, Vitalik Buterin, emphasized that the core factor in blockchain security is immutability — even if 51% of validators collude, they cannot legitimize a block of incorrect data or steal users' assets on the chain.
However, he warns that this protective mechanism does not apply to off-chain systems. In situations with external trust factors such as governance, oracles, or bridges, if the majority of validators act fraudulently, users will have no way to protect their assets. Buterin believes that although blockchain protocols remain mathematically secure, external human and organizational factors create vulnerabilities, thus additional measures are needed to mitigate risks in off-chain situations.
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